儒林外史中马二先生、鲁编修人物形象介绍 八股迷的典型马二先生、鲁编修 科举既然成了读书人猎取功名富贵的唯一手段,八股文自然就成了文章的正宗。于是无数的封建文人,孜孜不倦地钻研八股文,其中最虔诚的八股制艺信徒当属马静和鲁编修了。 《儒林外史》中塑造的马二先生,是一个为举业而耗尽终生的受害者,但他始终把举业视为神圣不可侵犯的事业,他甚至迷信八股到这样的程度,他说:‘举业’二字,是从古及今,人人必要做的。就如孔子在春秋的时候,那时用‘扬言行举’做官,故孔子只讲得个‘言寡尤,行寡悔,禄在其中’,这便是孔子的举业。就是夫子在而今,也要念文章,做举业。断不讲那‘言寡尤,行寡悔’的话,何也?就日日讲究‘言寡尤,行寡悔’,那个给你官做?孔子的道也就不行了。马二先生是一个出入考场二十四载,依然以生员终身的白丁,但他仍执着的做举业的热衷鼓吹者,他劝导匡超人说:古语说得好:‘书中自有黄金屋,书中自有千钟粟,书中自有颜如玉。’而今什么是书?就是我们的文章选本了。 这不仅写出了马二先生之流受害而不自觉,而且也点出了他们不自觉的原因,正在于举业是他们能做官的唯一途径,这就触及了封建社会的根本弊端:以腐朽的科举制度选拔人才的不合理性。 鲁编修官作到翰林,50岁离京返家,有一妻一女。因没有儿子继承举业,便把女儿当作儿子一样培养,从小教鲁小姐作八股文章。在他心中,一切诗词赋都不过是野狐禅,唯有举业才是正经学问。他对女儿说:八股文章若做的好,随你做甚么东西,要诗就诗,要赋就赋,都是一鞭一条痕,一掴一掌血。若是八股文章欠讲究,任你做出甚么来,都是野狐禅,邪魔外道!他爱蘧太守的公孙有才华,便择他为婿,希望他能继承事业。但在女儿完婚后,他见女婿只会诗词歌赋,不通八股,便出两个题让他作,结果蘧公孙写出来的文章都是些诗歌上的话,又有两句像《离骚》,又有两句‘子书’,不是正经文学,因此,心里着气。他与妻子商量再娶一个如君,早养出一个儿子来叫他读书,接进士的书香。妻子说他年纪大了,劝他不必,他就着了重气,跌了一交,半身麻木,口眼也有些歪斜。鲁编修是科场上的成功者,也是科举制的维护者,但作品通过他晚年的凄凉,作了深刻的讽刺。 八股迷鲁编修认为:八股文章若做的好,随你做什么东西,要诗就诗,要赋就赋,都是一鞭一条痕,一掴一掌血;若是八股文章欠讲究,任你做出甚么来都是野狐禅,邪魔歪道。鲁编修已达到了科举考试的最高等级,实现了其人生的最高理想。但作者写他却是从他在京城清苦得实在混不下去的返乡途中开始的。他出场后的开场白是:做穷翰林的人,只望着几回差使。现今肥美的差,都被别人钻谋去了。白白坐在京城,赔钱度日。况且弟年将五十,又无子息,只有一个小女,还不曾许字人家,思量不如告假返舍,料理些家务,再作道理。作者以如此寒酸之笔来写这位成功者,其画外音显然是说,以整个的个人尊严和物质生活享受为代价换来的翰林编修之职,除了徒有虚名外,没有任何实际意义。 儒林外史主要内容分回介绍 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