英语无灵主语句与汉语有灵主语句所体现的中西认知差

　　Abstract：DifferencesexistbetweenEnglishandChinese，especiallyinthesyntax。Thispaperwillinvestigatethereasonsforthelinguisticphenomenonfromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics。ItdrawsaconclusionthatknowingsuchdifferencesincognitioncanavoidsChinglish。
　　Keywords：inanimateanimatesubjectsentences
　　【摘要】中英文差异大，在句法方面表现明显。本文从认知语言学角度出发，探究该句法特征背后的认知差异。并从语言学习者的角度，就如何避免中式英语提出思考。
　　【关键词】认知差异；认知语言学；英汉主语对比
　　I。InanimateSubjectVs。AnimateSubject
　　Differencesexistbetweeninanimatesubjectsentencesandanimatesubjectsentences。Contrastwillbedeliveredfromdifferentaspectsasfollowsandanalysisoftranslationwillbegiven。
　　1。1NominalizationVs。Innominalization
　　Nominalizationmeansthatsubjectsaretransferredfromverbsoradjectives。Nominalizationisthesinglemostpowerfulresourceforcreatinggrammaticalmetaphor（Halliday，1994：352）。InEnglish，nominalizationisthefundamentofthecauseofinanimatesubjectsentences。BycontrastwithChinesesentences，thisfeatureisobvious。Forexample：
　　（1a）Iamlatebecausemykidsaresick。
　　（1b）Thereasonformybeinglateisthatmykidsaresick。
　　（1c）我迟到是因为我的孩子病了
　　1。2ObjectivityVs。Subjectivity
　　Animatesubjectsentencescandirectlyexpressthethinkingprocess。Cognitionlinguisticsthinksduringhumansintelligencedevelopingprocess，selfcognitionappearsfirst，andthenappearstheoutsideworldsreactiontohimself。Suchexpressioniscommonlyseenincasualconversationortoexpressanideawithstrongpersonalintention。
　　InanimatesubjectsentencesaremorepracticedinEnglish，especiallyinformalconversationorgenre。Ininanimatesubjectsentences，nominalizedverbsandadjectivesratherthannounsareusedtorepresentaconcretemeaning。Forexample：
　　（2a）Twomonthsafterhismotherdiedin1921，heandClementinelosttheirdaughter。Shewasthreeyearsold。Theylovedher。
　　（2b）In1921，thedeathofhismotherwasfollowedtwomonthslaterbythelossofhisandClementinesbelovedthreeyearolddaughter（DongHongle，2002：31）。
　　（2c）在1921年，他的母親死了，两个月后，他和克莱门特心爱的女儿也死了。
　　First，（2a）usesthreesentencestwosimplesentencesandonecomplexsentence，whichareallanimatesubjectsentences。Onthecontrary，（2b）usesonesentencewhichcontainsallinformationin（2a）andshowstheinnerlogicrelationshipbetweenthethreesentencesin（2a）。Second，expressionin（2b）containsmetaphor。Theprocessesofdieandlosearereplacedbynounsdeathandlossassubordinateparts。
　　II。CognitionDifferences
　　Thispaperthinkscognitiondifferencesarebehindthedifferencesbetweeninanimatesubjectsandanimatesubjects。
　　2。1CognitiontowardNature
　　ForChinesepeopleandwesternpeople，theircognitiontowardnaturediffersmuch。
　　Chinesepeoplescognitiontowardnatureisthathumanshouldmakeharmonywithnature。Chinesepeoplefocusmoreonsocialregulations。Nature，inChinesepeoplesview，representsregulationandrules。Chinesephilosophies，ledbyConfucius，studythenatureoutofthecuriosityaboutsocial，politicalandethicalissuesandrulesratherthanaboutscience。
　　Onthecontrary，westernpeoplepaymoreeffortstoexploringnatureenvironmentandendowmoreattentiontonature。TheGreeksthoughtsystematicallyaboutthecosmosandtheirrelationshiptoit，whichlednotonlytotheinventionofpurescience，theessenceofwhichisthepursuitofobjectiveknowledgeabouttheworldinwhichwelive（Lamm，1996：62）。
　　2。2CognitiontowardHuman
　　BothChinesepeopleandwesternpeopleadvocateHumanism。However，thereexistsdifferencebetweenthesetwokindsofHumanism。
　　DuetothesubjectiveconsciousnessofChinesepeople，Chinesepeopletendtodescribetheenvironmentfromtheperspectiveofselfintuitionandcognition，whilewesternpeoplefocusmoreonhumansabilityofanalysisandspeakinamoreobjectiveway。
　　III。Conclusion
　　InanimatesubjectoranimatesubjectisoneofthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese。Fromthecognitionlinguistics，Chinesepeoplescognitiontowardnatureandhumanishumanandethicalcentered，whichleadstoChineselanguagessubjectiveprominence：animatesubjects。Incontrast，westerncognitiontowardnatureandhumanisanalyticalandconscious，whichleadstoEnglishexpressionfeaturingobjectiveprominence：inanimatesubjects。
　　References
　　Halliday。M。A。K。1994。AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar〔M〕。London：EdwardArnold。
　　Lamm，R。C。1996。TheHumanitiesinWesternCulture，4thedition〔M〕。London：BBenchmarkPublishers。
　　董宏樂。2002。概念语法隐喻与英文写作能力的提高〔J〕。国外外语教学，（3）：3034。